1950- Standard Metropolitan Area (SMA)
Urbanized Area (UC)
1959 Standard Statistical Area (SMSA)
1983 Metropolitan Statistic Area (MSA)
Consolidated Metro Statistical Area (SCMSA)
1990 Core Based Statistical Area
Metro Division
Consolidated Stats Area
SA
PMSA
Metro Area
UA
Urban Cluster
Up until the 1950s they made distinction between urban and rural but they didnt have anything for suburbs. As that the housing act was passed in the 40s thereby starting subruban boom, census realized that they weren't counting something important...like the suburbs. so, they changed like a thousand mufucking times from counties...to metro areas....
These are important because they show how our government is trying to reshape stats measures to analyze urban changes.
We have 9 cities over 1 million.
Dolores Hayden Building Subrubia
Greenfields and Urban Growth 1820-2000
Borderlands c 1820
Picturesque Enclaves 1850
Streetcar Suburbs c 870
Mail Order/Self-built c. 1900
Mass produced/sitcom c. 1940
Edge Nodes c 1960
Rural Fringe c. 1980
100% corner = the corner with the most pedestrian traffic
increasing disparity between number of population and ability to tax
Early suburbs:
Myers Park, Charlotte, NC--> John Nolan
High income suburbs
very sensitive to nature
Shaker Heights 1912, 1200 acres
for wealth people
Forest Hills Gardens New York
Transit oriented development, Olmstead
20th century:
William Levit of Levittown
Wednesday, November 12, 2008
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
- Reforestation Relief Act creates Civilian Conservation Corps
- Agricultural Adjustment Administration
- Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration
- Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
- National Industrial Recovery Act 42k sqft area
- Home Owners Refinancing Act
- establishes Public Works Administration
- Home Owers Refinancing Act--> Home Owners Loan Corporation
- Banking-->FDIC
Marina Hicks and Tugwell go travvel around to figure out what's going on.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration gave out money very quickly
TVA
six southern states (tenn, n.c., ky, va, miss, ga)
authority to build dams, generate and sell electricity, manufacture and sell fertilizer, establish flood control, develop...
over 20 dams, super cheap electricity
National Industrial Recovery Acts
great importance to planners because it seeks to balance interest of industry and labor.
To stimulate the economy
Emergency Releif Appropriation Act
Resettlement Administration
Works Progress Administration
cluster farmers and put them in more sanitary housing
experimental housing programs: one in greenville wisconsin
city planners were deeply engaged in these plans and try them out.
Monday, October 13, 2008
Monday, September 22, 2008
Class notes/September 22/Garden City
Early Chat
JAPA is a good journal for practicing planners in the United States
summer issue regarding density in the suburb which eminates from what we are talkinga bout today
City beautiful--monumental, asymmetrical, stunning (because they were celebrating the city in public spaces).
Place making applies to lots of different places
--------------------------------
Garden City
Contrasts from City Beautiful in that Garden City folks want to de-densify and City Beautiful folks do not.
large sclae development
reorganization of streets
orientation of residential parcels
garnering open space
Barnett hires Parker and Luchen to make Hamstead Peak (name?)
Supposed to have low cost housing for the worker
so desireable that it pushed the prices up and it became middle and high income housing
Elwyn Garden City
Paid for by a Company
Front is retail
there are factories
series of neighborhoods flow off of central neighborhood
population cap (30,000)
Houses being built around war time to support the war effort
Americans see them and come home to reproduce them
In nyc one town had an agreement for common land but after the fourty year agreement was over
Louis Mumford, Clarence Perry
had seminars out in the country
Clarence was into the neighborhood unit
JAPA is a good journal for practicing planners in the United States
summer issue regarding density in the suburb which eminates from what we are talkinga bout today
City beautiful--monumental, asymmetrical, stunning (because they were celebrating the city in public spaces).
Place making applies to lots of different places
--------------------------------
Garden City
Contrasts from City Beautiful in that Garden City folks want to de-densify and City Beautiful folks do not.
- Decentralization
- how to blend city and country
- design elements
- five step lineage through the twentieth century
- Appalled by slums in London
- publishes Garden City's of Tomorrow
- have the best of the country and the city
- garden in the center
- central city has specialized things, cultural programs
- ive outside with recreation and space
- green belt (city protected by acres and acres of agricultural land)
- connected by high speed rails
- took the idea over
- brought it to the states
- Clarence Perry
- social worker
- neighborhood unit
- all from little Ebeneezer
large sclae development
reorganization of streets
orientation of residential parcels
garnering open space
Barnett hires Parker and Luchen to make Hamstead Peak (name?)
Supposed to have low cost housing for the worker
so desireable that it pushed the prices up and it became middle and high income housing
Elwyn Garden City
Paid for by a Company
Front is retail
there are factories
series of neighborhoods flow off of central neighborhood
population cap (30,000)
Houses being built around war time to support the war effort
Americans see them and come home to reproduce them
In nyc one town had an agreement for common land but after the fourty year agreement was over
Louis Mumford, Clarence Perry
had seminars out in the country
Clarence was into the neighborhood unit
- thought it was the building block of new suburb
- Housing for the Machine Age
- Size of unit is determined by the size of the neighborhood school, the school will also be used as a community center
- hierarchy of streets
- big filter
- four neighborhood units can support corner store
- BIG POINT: seems to think there is a formula for creating a great society
Wednesday, September 10, 2008
Class notes/September 10
Chinese cities
walls, palaces, market (though they don't care where it is located), rigid
CSO: combined sewer outlets (sewer and industrial waste runoff goes to rivers).
PIECEMEAL EFFORTS TO ADDRESS URBAN ILLS
The nature of reform--how does change get accepted? You have to imagine yourself in the 19th century when there was very little regulation of anything. There were laws that protected people's health and safety.
Some proposed changes:
In the 1880s there was a design competition for a replacement for current housing with bathrooms and light. The result was the Dumbell Tenement (for light).
Declare the slums blighted, bulldoze them and turn them into parks (Mulberry Corner).
1901 Tenement Housing Law
Housing will be taller, outside hallways, non-profit/limited dividend corporation Peabody Estates--clear the existing housing and put up contiguous blocks and join them and create a courtyard. This is the beginning of large scale development. Consolidate blocks, higher density around the perimeter and a open space in the middle. Late 19th Century. This is all about affordable low income housing.
Limited dividend housing groups only allow a certain amount of profits and put the rest of the money into improvements on the housing project.
England (Late 19th/early 20th Century)
Reform Ideas
Infrastructure and Parks
walls, palaces, market (though they don't care where it is located), rigid
CSO: combined sewer outlets (sewer and industrial waste runoff goes to rivers).
PIECEMEAL EFFORTS TO ADDRESS URBAN ILLS
- Housing Reform
- Regulatory programs
- result of disease (TB)
- light, air and ventilation
- Reconstruction of neighborhoods
- Population decentralization
- Social surveys
- Infrastructure Construction
- Open Space: parks and park systems
- Water systems
- Large Scale redevelopment projects
- Paris and Vienna
- Barcelona
The nature of reform--how does change get accepted? You have to imagine yourself in the 19th century when there was very little regulation of anything. There were laws that protected people's health and safety.
Some proposed changes:
In the 1880s there was a design competition for a replacement for current housing with bathrooms and light. The result was the Dumbell Tenement (for light).
Declare the slums blighted, bulldoze them and turn them into parks (Mulberry Corner).
1901 Tenement Housing Law
Housing will be taller, outside hallways, non-profit/limited dividend corporation Peabody Estates--clear the existing housing and put up contiguous blocks and join them and create a courtyard. This is the beginning of large scale development. Consolidate blocks, higher density around the perimeter and a open space in the middle. Late 19th Century. This is all about affordable low income housing.
Limited dividend housing groups only allow a certain amount of profits and put the rest of the money into improvements on the housing project.
England (Late 19th/early 20th Century)
Reform Ideas
- Change street patters
- Streets are wasteful, if you reorganize you can have more open space
- Slums are so huge and so extensive that it won't work just to do one or two buildings, the hole slum must change. It will be a bastion against other slums.
- Lets build whole new neighborhoods at the fringe of the city.
- Begin to think of the best use of the leveled slum land (early land use thinking)
- Industrialist's Company Towns
- George Pullman
- Invented Parlor Cars for trains
- Pullman Company Town
- Very organized layout
- housing (hierarchical)
- public space
- factory
- hotel
- library
- lots of rules and no saloons
- church
- Strike
- Cadberry
- Chocolate man likes gymnastics
- SOCIAL SURVEYS
- Pittsburgh Survey (scientific method)
- Oldest and first attempt to really know a city in the US.
- The first time we make policy decisions based on scientific approaches (data and photos particularly in housing surveys).
- began to look at density
- health and crime statistics show that density is the link
- Pittsburgh changed its triangle from an industrial park to a park in 1970s
- Penn's Landing has had at least four plans
Infrastructure and Parks
- Cemeteries, typically downtown, move the bodies out to planned places
- people liked going there
- Olmsted
- Central Park
- British Park design (curvilinear streets, natural looking)
- Different paths for different modes of travel
- little French section that is orderl
- Public Art (comes with parks)
- Ideas for Park purpose
- Nature in the city and the city in nature
- This is a place in the city where all the classes can mix and mingle in peace
- Park Systems
- Open space framework
- Alexander Garvin
- Vision for parks across the city
- Philadelphia
- The water system was right where city hall is
- moved to waterworks on the Deleware
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmount_Reservoir
- marvel of the western world
- various watersheds, pumping stations
- CSO is built
- incredibly important piecemeal approach to an infrastructure need.
Monday, September 8, 2008
Recitation/September 8
different design principles between medieval, renaissance and baroque
symmetrical, with focal point
unified facade
how do we commonly think about planning history?
abbott and ather--> most people use history to give lip service to the past but really we should look at planners in the stream of historical change.
*pay attention to how the planners were thinking about the city for the next century.
planning is both process and product.
planners take on the advantages of the zeitgeist
agglomeration started in the medieval period.
symmetrical, with focal point
unified facade
how do we commonly think about planning history?
abbott and ather--> most people use history to give lip service to the past but really we should look at planners in the stream of historical change.
*pay attention to how the planners were thinking about the city for the next century.
planning is both process and product.
planners take on the advantages of the zeitgeist
agglomeration started in the medieval period.
Class notes/September 8
Looking at the growth of our own urban network
Urbanization is going to occur in asia and africa? isn't it already there?
will they have some of the same issues what we've had?
Hyperurbanization brings what kinds of problems (universally):
Traffic congestion (what kind of vehicles/what type of technology?)
Housing shortage (slums, legos)
Increasing population
Public health issues.
Services (water, sewage)
Economic structure's abilities
US Settlement Patterns
Colonial era
-imperial traits
-geographic determinants
Mercantile period
-growth of independent economy
Early Industrialization
Late Industrialization
How did the U.S. become urban?
Spain had a very rigid mercantilist policy and if you have an outpost that outpost should be serving you. In Saint Augustine, etc, you can see a settlement, central plaza, cabilda(mayor's office). Oh how mighty you are Spain! They always followed the laws of the indies.
second group of settlers were the british. the british gave out pattents to people to make trading posts so there does not exist one model for british towns. however, there are common characteristics such as the green (used for communal grazing and get togethers) and a big church. Courthouse is the center of administrative towns.
example: Annapolis
Street plan has diagonal streets (avenue), grid, circles and church and statehouse in the circles, making the streets view corridors. Today, waterfront views qualify as view corridors. interestingly, view corridors point out that streets are public space and so are our views.
example: Savannah
square plots; met growth needs by adding more square parcels.
developing our hinterland: we built canals to link the hinterlands with the city of the east. we wanted the agriculture. the us government was able to get money through trade taxes or land sales (we did not have income tax until 1913/1914). so, we needed to create a universal system for land surveying. thereby the US became 640 acre/1 square mile units.
alaska still qualifies under the homestead act.
1869-1906
1870s cars and oil start.
Cheap inexpensive steal.
1896 plessy versus ferguson
the new industrial order (1860s-1910ish)
the production of goods would not occur in the home but the factory.
labor, resources, transportation.
http://www.brookings.edu/speeches/2007/1106_blueprint_katz.aspx
transportation
innovation
communication revolution
growth of the ability to generate capital (development of financial markets, savings, growth and expansion of the corporation--> a legal entity that allows a company issue stock certificates, the company no longer dies when the company dies, you can have professional managers separate from investors, liability)
we have a huge labor pool thanks to immigration.
railroads create a unifying time
on and on about slum conditions/child labor/how funny it is when children are left alone in dark places with boarders.
City planning will come out of all of these reform movements.
Housing reform
Parks and open space
Large-scale redevelopment projects
Urbanization is going to occur in asia and africa? isn't it already there?
will they have some of the same issues what we've had?
Hyperurbanization brings what kinds of problems (universally):
Traffic congestion (what kind of vehicles/what type of technology?)
Housing shortage (slums, legos)
Increasing population
Public health issues.
Services (water, sewage)
Economic structure's abilities
US Settlement Patterns
Colonial era
-imperial traits
-geographic determinants
Mercantile period
-growth of independent economy
Early Industrialization
Late Industrialization
How did the U.S. become urban?
Spain had a very rigid mercantilist policy and if you have an outpost that outpost should be serving you. In Saint Augustine, etc, you can see a settlement, central plaza, cabilda(mayor's office). Oh how mighty you are Spain! They always followed the laws of the indies.
second group of settlers were the british. the british gave out pattents to people to make trading posts so there does not exist one model for british towns. however, there are common characteristics such as the green (used for communal grazing and get togethers) and a big church. Courthouse is the center of administrative towns.
example: Annapolis
Street plan has diagonal streets (avenue), grid, circles and church and statehouse in the circles, making the streets view corridors. Today, waterfront views qualify as view corridors. interestingly, view corridors point out that streets are public space and so are our views.
example: Savannah
square plots; met growth needs by adding more square parcels.
developing our hinterland: we built canals to link the hinterlands with the city of the east. we wanted the agriculture. the us government was able to get money through trade taxes or land sales (we did not have income tax until 1913/1914). so, we needed to create a universal system for land surveying. thereby the US became 640 acre/1 square mile units.
alaska still qualifies under the homestead act.
1869-1906
1870s cars and oil start.
Cheap inexpensive steal.
1896 plessy versus ferguson
the new industrial order (1860s-1910ish)
the production of goods would not occur in the home but the factory.
labor, resources, transportation.
http://www.brookings.edu/speeches/2007/1106_blueprint_katz.aspx
transportation
innovation
communication revolution
growth of the ability to generate capital (development of financial markets, savings, growth and expansion of the corporation--> a legal entity that allows a company issue stock certificates, the company no longer dies when the company dies, you can have professional managers separate from investors, liability)
we have a huge labor pool thanks to immigration.
railroads create a unifying time
on and on about slum conditions/child labor/how funny it is when children are left alone in dark places with boarders.
City planning will come out of all of these reform movements.
Housing reform
Parks and open space
Large-scale redevelopment projects
Saturday, September 6, 2008
The Unheralded Triumph: City Goverment in America, 1870-1900 By Jon C. Teaford
Thesis: Expert civil servants and their professional colleagues who served cities as paid consultants were among the most significant participants in urban government during the late nineteenth century, and any survey of the American municipality must include their story.
CIVIL ENGINEERS
The skills of Civil Engineers awarded them a particularly stable and public-good oriented position in the urban bureaucracy, peaking in the 1900s.
Boston Engineering Corps
Joseph P. Davis: Boston's city engineer 1872-1880.
Henry M. Wightman: Davis' assistant and successor.
William Jackson: Encombent after Davis' death, 1885-1910 (during which the city government decided on a three year term for engineers, and Jackson was reappointed by Alderman every time he ran).
George S. Webster: Philadelphia's third chief engineer. From 1855 to 1916 on three men held this position, the first from 1855 to 1872, the second from 1872-1893. Wowza.
Landscape Architects and Park Superintendents
Olmsted: Central Park 1857-1878; did not like dealing with politics
Landscape architects worked from firms, making them exempt from political promotion and nepitism. Parks need experts for their execution and therefore the Landscape Architects became a relatively non-political civil servant. Also, parks work required interaction with a lot of different laymen. The work's interdisciplinary nature was sort of the root of the planning career (at least I think that is what they are suggesting).
City Librarians
Justin Windsor Jr: Boston librarian who demanded equal pay as engineers (1868).
...just more examples of librarians being recognized as experts.
Educators
CIVIL ENGINEERS
The skills of Civil Engineers awarded them a particularly stable and public-good oriented position in the urban bureaucracy, peaking in the 1900s.
Boston Engineering Corps
Joseph P. Davis: Boston's city engineer 1872-1880.
Henry M. Wightman: Davis' assistant and successor.
William Jackson: Encombent after Davis' death, 1885-1910 (during which the city government decided on a three year term for engineers, and Jackson was reappointed by Alderman every time he ran).
George S. Webster: Philadelphia's third chief engineer. From 1855 to 1916 on three men held this position, the first from 1855 to 1872, the second from 1872-1893. Wowza.
Landscape Architects and Park Superintendents
Olmsted: Central Park 1857-1878; did not like dealing with politics
Landscape architects worked from firms, making them exempt from political promotion and nepitism. Parks need experts for their execution and therefore the Landscape Architects became a relatively non-political civil servant. Also, parks work required interaction with a lot of different laymen. The work's interdisciplinary nature was sort of the root of the planning career (at least I think that is what they are suggesting).
City Librarians
Justin Windsor Jr: Boston librarian who demanded equal pay as engineers (1868).
...just more examples of librarians being recognized as experts.
Educators
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